The Parts of Speech

                                                              PART OF SPEECH
     The term part of speech refers to the job that a word does not in a sentence to its function or use. Since there are eight separate jobs, words are divided into eight classes or eight parts of speech; noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Job, Function, Use	Part of Speech	Examples
1. To name a person, place, thing, quality, state, or action	Noun	Adam, Elizabeth, pen, wit, joy, laughter.
2. To substitute for a noun.	Pronoun Verb	he, she, it.
3. To express action or non-action (State of being).	Pronoun Verb	run, talk; think, is was will be
4. To modify (describe or limit)  the noun and pronoun.	Adjective	strong man, ugly city, limited quantity, few hours.
5. To modify any verb, adjective, or adverb.	Adverb	think quickly, unusually ugly, very quickly.
6. To show the relationship between  a noun or pronoun and some other  word	Proposition	cart before horse, dog in manger, bombs over Brooklyn.
7. To join two words or two groups  of words.	Conjunction	Jack and jill, candy is dandy but  liquor is quicker
8. To display emotion	Interjection	Oh! Gosh! Height-ho! hurrah!

     A word is a noun, verb, adjective, or other part of speech, depending on its use and on its use only. That is to say, a word is a noun if it is used like a noun, if it names; it is a preposition if it is used like a preposition, if it is used like a preposition, if it shows the relationship between nouns; and so on, in the following passage note that the word round is used in five different ways:

     Our round world which I shall round once more before I die spins round and round on its axis, at the same time making a circle round the sun that results in the round of the seasons.

     a. round world--adjective, because it modifies the noun world.
     b. I shall round-- verb, expresses action.
     c. spins round and round--adverbs, modifies verb spins.
     d. circle round the sun--preposition, shows relationship between two nouns circle and sun.

     

     

     

Recognizing Subject and Predicate

     In order to decide which word or words make up the subject, simply ask: Whom or what are we speaking about?
     Barking dogs never bite. Plainly, dogs are here spoken about; Dogs, Therefore, is the subject. Barking simply describes the subject further.
     A rare instance of charity by a miser in news. Since an instance is being spoken about, Instance is the subject. In order to decide which word or words make up the predicate, simple ask: What is said about the subject? a fool and his money are soon parted. What is said about the subject (a fool and his money)? The answer [they] are soon parted, makes up the predicate.
     The inclusion of proper names in a dictionary might be defended on the ground that it would be convenient to have them there.
     Here, the subject is inclusion ( the full subject is The inclusion of proper names in a dictionary); and the predicate, the statement about the subject, is: might be defended on the ground that it would be convenient to have them there.

                                                          KINDS OF SENTENCES

     Sentence have three purpose: to state, to ask, and to command.

     1. Sentence that state.  A sentence that makes a statement ( or denies it) is called a declarative      sentence). The boy stood on the burning deck.
     2. Sentences that ask. A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence.
     Did the boy stand on the burning deck?
     3. Sentence that command. A sentence that expresses a command is call an Imperative sentence.
     Boy, stand on the burning deck! in structure, a sentence may be simple, complex compound, or compound-complex.
   
                                                         THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

     Below are example of simple sentences. Note that each simple sentence has only one subject and predicate, either or both of which may be compound.

     1. Come.
     2. Boys like to play in the woods.
     3. Gerry and Luis are working in the shop.
     4. By the river a tall narra tree grew.
     5. Mother, Jose, and I will go to church on Sunday.
     6. Minutes are the gold dust of time.
     7. In the sala, in the dining room, and in the kitchen, zinnias are scattered in profusion.
     8. The weary travelers lay down under the trees and slept until sunrise.
     9. From the cloudless sky, an expected shower came.
     10. We must be kind to the poor, the young, the infirm.

     All of the sentences given above are simple. Each of them contains only one subject and only one predicate, either or both of which may be compound.

                                                   THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

     A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses. Here are some examples:
     1. Food are essential to essential to life, but it should not be the end of existence.
     2. I shall go, but you must stay
     3. We knew the password, but we were too tongue-tied to speak.

                                                   THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
     

     A sentence is complex if it contains a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. By a main clause is meant a word or a group of words which can stand alone because if expresses a complete thought. A subordinate clause, on the other hand, is a word group that contains a subject and a predicate, but the thought which it expresses is incomplete; hence, it can not stand alone a subordinate clause is used only as a part of the sentence. Here are a few complex sentence. Note the main clauses and the subordinate clauses. The main clauses are, in roman capital letters; the subordinate clauses are italicized.

1. I who am your friend will help you.

     I will help you is the main clause, It expresses a complete thought and therefore, can stand alone.

     Who am your friend is the subordinate clause. Even if we put a period at the end of this clause and begin it with a capital letter, still the thought remains incomplete; so the clause cannot stand alone.

The Sentence and Its Parts

     The sentence is the unit of thought in a composition. it may be a word or a group of words, but the thought must be complete.
     to be grammatically complete a sentence must have a subject and a predicate. The subject of a sentence is the word or words about which something is said or the world or words which answer the question who or what; the predicate tells something about the subject. Below are ten sentences showing the two essentials the subject and the predicate.

Subject                                                          Predicate

          1. God                                                            is good.
          2. Love and patience                                       are both godlike.
          3. The heart of man                                         is a  swayed by various emotions.
          4. The girl in the old house                               felt lonesome every day last year.
          5. The individual owner of land                        does not create land value.
          6   The big house was a woode which I built structure, on the farm.

     THE SENTENCE. A group of words that expresses a complete meaning makes a sentence.  in order to have a meaning, two elements are necessary: a subject,  a person or thing to speak about, and a predicate,  something to say about the person or thing.
    SUBJECT AND PREDICATE, No sentence can exist without both subject and predicate. Suppose, for example, that somebody speaks the name Pagliacci. He has not spoken a sentence; for though he has named a person whom he can speak about, he has supplied no predicate.
     Now, suppose somebody else utters the world laughs. He has named no person or thing  to say his word about  he has named no subject.
     If the two words are joined, how over a sentence emerges: Pagliacci laughs. It is a "Common thought," a "Full meaning," The sentence may be extended by enlarging the subject.
     The subject here is indicated by the single line drawn beneath it, the predicate by the double line.
Or by enlarging the predicate:
     Pagliacci, the funniest clown in all Europe, laughs mockingly, bitterly, ironically. Consider the following group of words:
     The beautiful girl of the fale, a drudge by day and a princess by night. Here, a person ins named and described in some detail, but the group of words appears somehow incomplete: something else in needed. By adding has vanished, the need is supplied.
     The beautiful girl of the fairy tale, a drudge by day and a princess by night, has vanished.
     The long group of words underlined simple enlarges the subject, which essentially consists of the word girl; a predicated was required and has vanished fulfills the requirement.
     Now consider this group of words: have been stolen by a highly organized and exceedingly clever gang of  international thieves operating from a dozen ports throughout the Near East.
     Here, again, something is lacking; much has been said but about what? The subject is lacking.
     The jewels have been stolen by a highly organized and exceedingly clever gang of international thieves operating from a dozen ports throughout the Near East.